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| Today's Technician | ViTaL VaccinaTion seRies: Fiss IN SUMMARY • Identification of some parasites requires aseptically collected specimens. • Specimen integrity must be preserved during collection, transportation, and testing. • An up-to-date health history in conjunction with laboratory testing will allow the clinician to make a more accurate diagnosis. • Laboratory testing should be conducted using established protocols in order to minimize human error. n (continued from page 57) eLisa = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Gi = gastrointestinal; sG = specific gravity 7. 8. 9. 10. References 1. Zajac A, Conboy G. Fecal examination for the diagnosis of parasitism. Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, 8th ed. Ames, iA: wiley-Blackwell, 2012, pp 4-9, 12-14. 2. Hendrix C, robinson e. Common laboratory procedures for diagnosing parasitism. Diagnostic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians, 4th ed. St. Louis: elsevier, 2012, pp 316-334, 336. 3. Blagburn BL, Butler JM. Optimize intestinal parasite detection with centrifugal fecal flotation. Vet Med 2006; 101(7):455-464. 4. dryden Mw, Payne PA, ridley r, et al. Comparison of common fecal flotation techniques for the recovery of parasite eggs and oocysts. Vet Ther 2005; 6:15-28. 5. dryden Mw, Payne PA, Smith v. Accurate diagnosis of Giardia spp and proper fecal examination procedures. Vet Ther 2006; 7:4-14. 6. Zajac A, Johnson J, King S. evaluation of the importance of centrifugation as a component of zinc sulfate fecal flotation examinations. JAAHA 2002; 38:221-224. 7. Overview of lungworm infection. Merck Veterinary Manual. Assessed on July 11, 2013, and available at: merckmanuals.com/vet/respiratory_ system/lungworm_infection/overview_of_lungworm_infection. html?qt=lungworms in dogs&alt;=sh. 8. Bowman d. Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians, 9th ed. St. Louis: Saunders-elsevier, 2009, pp 297-298. 9. Zajac A, Conboy G. detection of parasites in the blood. Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, 8th ed. Ames, iA: wiley-Blackwell, 2012, pp 185-192. 11. Suggested Reading Payne PA, dryden Mw. Accurate evaluation of fecal samples critical to patient. DVM Best Practices 2003; Mar:8-11. 19. Oreta M. Samples, RVT, MPH, DHSc, is the lead veterinary technician and adjunct instructor at Fort Valley State University in Fort Valley, Georgia. She also is an adjunct instructor in epidemiology at Kaplan University, which has several campuses throughout the U.S., and an adjunct assistant professor at St. Francis University in Loretto, Pennsylvania. Her research interests include veterinary parasitology and clinical pathology. Ms. Samples is a founding member of the Academy of Veterinary Clinical Pathology Technicians and an editorial board member for NAVTA. She received her degrees in veterinary technology from Fort Valley State University and her MS in public health and Doctorate in health sciences from Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 26 Today's Veterinary Practice July/August 2013 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. for a causal relation between vaccination and fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis in cats. JAVMA 1993; 203(3):396-405. Gaskell r, Gettinby G, Graham, Skilton d. veterinary Products Committee (vPC) working Group on Feline and Canine vaccination. department for environment, Food & rural Affairs, London, May 2001. vaccine-Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force: roundtable discussion. The current understanding and management of vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats. JAVMA 2009; 234(3):376378. Shaw SC, Kent MS, Gordon iK, et al. Temporal changes in characteristics of injection-site sarcomas in cats: 392 cases (1990-2006). JAVMA 2009; 234:376-380. Srivastav A, Kass PH, McGill Ld, et al. Comparative vaccinespecific and other injectable-specific risks of injection-site sarcomas in cats. JAVMA 2012; 241(5):595-602. Kass PH, Spangler wL, Hendrick MJ, et al. Multicenter casecontrol study of risk factors associated with development of vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats. JAVMA 2003; 223:12831292. Kass PH, Barnes wG Jr, Spangler wL, et al. epidemiologic evidence for a causal relation between vaccination and fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis in cats. JAVMA 1993; 203:396-405. Hendrick M. Historical review and current knowledge of risk factors involved in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. JAVMA 1998; 213:1422-1423. Lester S, Clemett T, Burt A. vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats: Clinical experience and a laboratory review (1982-1993). JAAHA 1996; 32:91-95. Macy d, Hendrick M. The potential role of inflammation in the development of postvaccinal sarcomas in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:103-109. Gobar G, Kass P. world wide web-based survey of vaccination practices, postvaccinal reactions, and vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats. JAVMA 2002; 220:1477-1482. richards Jr, elston TH, Ford rB, et al. The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline vaccine Advisory Panel report. JAVMA 2006; 229(9):1405-1441. Spickler Ar, roth JA. Adjuvants in veterinary vaccines: Modes of action and adverse effects. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17(3):273-281. wilcock B, wilcock A, Bottoms K. Feline postvaccinal sarcoma: 20 years later. Can Vet J 2012; 53:430-434. Richard B. Ford, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM & ACVPM (Hon), is Emeritus Professor of Medicine at North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine. He is a retired Brigadier General from the USAF Reserve, where he was assigned to the Office of the Surgeon General at the Pentagon. Dr. Ford is also a past president of the NAVC Conference and continues his role as a member of the scientific program committee. His clinical interests are in the field of companion animal infectious disease; he is a prolific author and serves on both the AAHA Canine Vaccination Task Force and AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel. Dr. Ford received his DVM from Ohio State University and completed an internal medicine residency at Michigan State University. He held a previous faculty position at Purdue University.