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DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE HEARTWORM INFECTION | 4. American Heartworm Society. 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infec- tion in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2005; 133:255-266 (revised January 2010). Revised guidelines available at: heartwormsociety.org/veterinary- resources/canine-guidelines.html. 5. Bourguinat C, Keller K, Blagburn B, et al. Correlation between loss of efficacy of macrocyclic lactone heartworm anthelmintics and P-glycoprotein genotype. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176:374-381. 6. Courtney CH, Zeng Q-Y. Relationship between microfilaria count and sensitivity for the direct smear for diagnosis of canine dirofilariosis. Vet Parasitol 2001; 94:199-204. 7. Weill GJ. Dirofilaria immitis: Identification and partial character- ization of parasite antigens in the serum of infected dogs. Exp Parasitol 1987; 64:244-251. 8. Courtney CH, Zeng Q-Y. Comparison of heartworm antigen test kit performance in dogs having low heartworm burdens. Vet Parasitol 2001; 96:317-322. 9. Atkins CE. Comparison of results of 3 commercial heartworm anti- gen test kits in dogs with low heartworm burdens. JAVMA 2003; Margaret C. Barr, DVM, PhD, is a professor of virology and immunol- ogy and serves as a coleader and facilitator for the Veterinary Basic and Clinical Sciences problem-based learning (PBL) course at the Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Barr is also the project director for the Snow Leopard Functional Genomics Initiative and serves on the board of directors for Pegasus Rising, an organization that provides equine-assisted therapy to veterans. Her interests include translational research on diagnostic assays for infectious dis- eases, nontraditional methods of immunization, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, and host immune responses to infectious diseases. Current research projects include inves- tigation of the molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus and rickettsial agents in southern California. Dr. Barr received her DVM from Auburn University and her PhD from Cornell University. Elizabeth P. Boynton, DVM, is the director of the Hill’s Wellness Center, directs the professional commu- nication curriculum, and facilitates problem-based learning and clini- cal skills laboratories at Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine. She is a member of the California Veterinary Medical Association’s House of Delegates and House Advisory Committee. Prior to her position at WesternU, Dr. Boynton worked in private practice and then filled a new position as community practice veterinarian at Univeristy of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital. She was presented with the Faculty Appreciation Award twice as well as the Minnesota Veterinary Medical Association’s Outstanding Faculty Award. She received her DVM from University of Minnesota. Peggy Schmidt, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVPM, is an asso- ciate professor of population health and epidemiology at Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Schmidt serves as director of College Outcomes Assessment and coordinator of the WesternU DVM/MPH 222(9):1221-1223. 10. Gioia G, Lecova L, Genchi M, et al. Highly sensitive multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection and discrimination of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in canine peripheral blood. Vet Parasitol 2010; 172:160-163. 11. Rishniw M, Barr SC, Simpson KW, et al. Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol 2006; 135:303-314. 12. Bahr RJ. Heart and pulmonary vessels. In Thrall DE (ed): Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2007, pp 583-584. 13. Atkins C. Canine heartworm disease. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (eds): Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2005, pp 1124-1125. 14. Mower WR. Evaluating bias and variability in diagnostic test reports. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33(1):85-91. 15. Kaiser L, Williams JF. Dirofilaria immitis: Worm burden and pulmonary artery proliferation in dogs from Michigan (United States). Vet Parasitol 2004; 124:125-129. dual degree program. Her areas of research interest include evidence- based veterinary medicine, veterinary public health, infectious diseases, and veterinary education. Dr. Schmidt received her DVM from University of Minnesota. After working in a mixed- animal practice in western Minnesota, she joined Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine as an instructor while pursuing an MS degree in veterinary preventive medicine. Frank Bossong, DVM, is an assis- tant professor in shelter medicine at Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine. He is also the head clinician for the Veterinary Ambulatory Community Service (VACS), a second year prob- lem-based learning facilitator, and a course leader for the third-year internal medicine course. Dr. Bossong received his DVM from University of Georgia. After working as an associate for 4 years at an AAHA-accredited hospital in Pasadena, California, Dr. Bossong pursued his interest in shelter medicine. He established an on-site veterinary clinic, medical policies and procedures, and a fourth-year veterinary rotation at the San Gabriel Valley Humane Society, where he currently serves on the board of directors. Gary R. Johnston, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVR, is a professor of radiology at Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and teaches all levels of the curriculum, facilitates problem-based learning, and participates in clinical research. Dr. Johnston received his DVM from Washington State University and then completed a rotating small animal medicine internship, MS, and residency in radiology at University of Minnesota. He remained at the University of Minnesota as a radiologist, progressing from assistant professor to full professor. Dr. Johnston spent 3 years at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine before joining the WesternU faculty. July/August 2011 Today’s Veterinary Practice 37