Today's Veterinary Practice

SEP-OCT 2016

Today's Veterinary Practice provides comprehensive information to keep every small animal practitioner up to date on companion animal medicine and surgery as well as practice building and management.

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tvpjournal.com | September/October 2016 | T O day' S Ve T erinary Prac T ice Ju V enile Or T h OP edic d i S ea S e in dO g S & c a TS Peer r eviewed 33 bucked carpus). No significant pain or swelling is noted 12 and radiographs are normal. Treatment Nonsurgical treatment (eg, exercise and feeding an appropriate, well-balanced diet) is often sufficient for mild cases. One case series documented that 65% of dogs recovered within 2 weeks when treated with exercise and a balanced diet. 3,17 In hypoextension cases in which the joint cannot be completely extended, splinting should be included for 2 weeks, at which time the dog is reassessed and monitored for return to the initial state within 7 to 10 days. 3 In older puppies or severe cases, tenotomy (hypoextension cases) and pancarpal arthrodesis should be considered. 3 Prognosis The prognosis is good to excellent for most patients with mild to moderate severity. IN SUMMARY This series outlines some of the more common juvenile orthopedic diseases encountered in small animals. As noted previously in Part 1 of this series, normal musculoskeletal development is key because, as discussed in this article, deviation from normal can result in many orthopedic diseases. Patient signalment, history, and physical and orthopedic examination findings are a necessity. In many patients, appropriately positioned radiographs are required. Multiple limbs or joints may be affected, and other congenital or developmental diseases may also be present. The overall prognosis for affected dogs is generally good; however, surgery may be necessary for an optimal outcome. Although the specific cause is unknown for many of these diseases, a strong breed predilection often exists. It may be prudent to counsel owners of affected individuals against breeding. CT = computed tomography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug; OC = osteochondrosis; OCD = osteochondrosis dissecans; RCC = retained cartilage cores References 1. Breur GJ, McDonough SP, Todhunter RJ. The musculoskeletal system. In Peterson ME, Kutzler MA (eds): Small Animal Pediatrics: The First 12 Months of Life. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2011, pp 443-460. 2. Towle HA, Breur GJ. Dysostoses of the canine and feline appendicular skeleton. JAVMA 2004; 225:1685-1692. 3. Towle HA, Breur GJ. Miscellaneous orthopedic conditions. In Tobias KM, Johnston SA (eds): Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, Vol 1. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012, pp 1112-1126. 4. Kerwin SC, Levine JM, Hicks DG. Thoracolumbar spine. In Tobias KM, Johnston SA (eds): Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, Vol 1. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012, pp 449-475. 5. Jeffery ND, Smith PM, Talbot CE. Imaging findings and surgical treatment of hemivertebrae in three dogs. JAVMA 2007; 230:532-536. 6. Watson ADJ, Miller AC, Allan GS, et al. Osteochondrodysplasia in bull terrier littermates. J Small Animal Pract 1991; 32:312-317. 7. Nganvongpanit K, Yano T. Prevalence of swimming puppy syndrome in 2,443 puppies during the years 2006-2012 in Thailand. Vet Med Int 2013; 617803. 8. Verhoeven G, de Rooster H, Risselada M, et al. Swimmer syndrome in a Devon rex kitten and an English bulldog puppy. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47:615-619. 9. Ytrehus B, Carlson CS, Ekman S. Etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:429-448. 10. Breur GJ, Lambrechts NE. Osteochondrosis. In Tobias KM, Johnston SA (eds): Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, Vol 1. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012, pp 1178-1189. 11. Ytrehus B, Grindflek E, Teige J, et al. The effect of parentage on the prevalence, severity and location of lesions of osteochondrosis in swine. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2004; 51:188-195. 12. Fossum TW. Diseases of the joints. In Small Animal Surgery, 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2013. 13. Rochat MC. The shoulder. In Tobias KM, Johnston SA (eds): Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, Vol 1. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012, pp 692-708. 14. Cook JL, Hudson CC, Kuroki K. Autogenous osteochondral grafting for treatment of stifle osteochondrosis in dogs. Vet Surg 2008; 37:311-321. 15. Kowaleski MP, Boudrieau RJ, Pozzi A: Stifle joint. In Tobias KM, Johnston SA (eds): Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, Vol 1. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012, pp 906-998. 16. Johnson KA. Retardation of endochondral ossification at the distal ulnar growth plate in dogs. Aust Vet J 1981; 57:474-478. 17. Cetinkaya MA, Yardimci C, Saglam M. Carpal laxity syndrome in forty-three puppies. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2007; 20:126-130. D UANE R OBINSON Duane Robinson, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVS (Small Animal), is an assistant professor of orthopedic surgery at University of California– Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. He received his DVM from University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College and his PhD (infectious diseases) from University of Minnesota. He completed a rotating internship in medicine and surgery at Ontario Veterinary College; surgical internship at Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orange Park, Florida; research fellowship at Iowa State University Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; and surgery residency at University of Minnesota. S HANNON K ERRIGAN Shannon Kerrigan, VMD, is a small animal surgery resident at the University of California–Davis. She received her VMD from, and completed a small animal rotating internship at, the University of Pennsylvania. Her areas of interest include wound healing and orthopedic biomechanical testing.

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