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T O day' S Ve T erinary Prac T ice | September/October 2016 | tvpjournal.com ac V n n u T ri T i O n nOT e S Peer r eviewed 88 have adverse effects. i n addition, although certain patients may benefit from omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acid supplementation, most commercial diets contain these fatty acids, albeit at varying levels. Therefore, before supplementing any patient with fatty acids, be sure to get a full diet history and conduct both a clinical and nutritional assessment to determine the best nutritional plan. aa = arachidonic acid; aa F c O = a ssociation of a merican Feed c ontrol Officials; ala = alpha- linolenic acid; d H a = docosahexaenoic acid; e P a = eicosapentaenoic acid; la = linoleic acid; nrc = n ational r esearch c ouncil References 1. n ational r esearch c ouncil. Fats and fatty acids. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washington, dc : The n ational a cademies Press, 2006, pp 81-110. 2. a ssociation of a merican Feed c ontrol Officials. Model bill and regulations. 2016 Official Publication. c hampaign, il : a ssociation of a merican Feed c ontrol Officials, i nc, 2016, pp 107-240. 3. r ivers JP, Sinclair a J, c rawford M a . i nability of the cat to desaturate essential fatty acids. Nature 1975; 258(5531):171-173. 4. Bauer J e . Metabolic basis for the essential nature of fatty acids and the unique dietary fatty acid requirements of cats. JAVMA 2006; 229(11):1729- 1732. 5. Bauer J e , d unbar B l , Bigley K e . d ietary flaxseed in dogs results in differential transport and metabolism of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr 1998; 128 (12 Suppl):2641S-2644S. 6. Filburn cr , Griffin d . c anine plasma and erythrocyte response to a docosahexaenoic acid-enriched supplement: c haracterization and potential benefits. Vet Ther 2005; 6(1):29-42. 7. Pawlosky r J, d enkins y , Ward G, et al. r etinal and brain accretion of long- chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in developing felines: The effects of corn oil-based maternal diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65(2):465-472. 8. n ational r esearch c ouncil. n utrient requirements and dietary nutrient concentrations. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washington, dc : The n ational a cademies Press, 2006, pp 354-370. 9. l enox ce . Timely topics in nutrition: a n overview of fatty acids in companion animal medicine. JAVMA 2015; 246(11):1198-1202. 10. l enox ce , Bauer J e . Potential adverse effects of omega-3 fatty acids in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27(2):217-226. 11. n ational r esearch c ouncil. e nergy. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washington, dc : The n ational a cademies Press, 2006, pp 28-48. 12. Villaverde c . n utritional management of exocrine pancreatic diseases. Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition. West Sussex, u K: John Wiley & Sons, l T d , 2012, pp 221-234. 13. Fascetti a J, d elaney SJ. n utritional management of endocrine diseases. Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition. West Sussex, u K: John Wiley & Sons, l T d , 2012, pp 289-300. 14. c ave n . n utritional management of gastrointestinal diseases. Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition . West Sussex, u K: John Wiley & Sons, l T d , 2012, pp 175-220. 15. Baldwin K, Bartges J, Buffington T, et al. aa H a nutritional assessment guidelines for dogs and cats. JAAHA 2010; 46(4):285-296. 16. Bauer J e . Therapeutic use of fish oils in companion animals. JAVMA 2011; 239(11):1441-1451. 17. Waldron MK, Spencer al , Bauer J e . r ole of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids in the development of the nervous system of dogs and cats. JAVMA 1998; 213(5):619-622. 18. Kirby na , Hester S l , Bauer J e . d ietary fats and the skin and coat of dogs. JAVMA 2007; 230(11):1641-1644. 19. Mueller r S, Fieseler KV, Fettman MJ, et al. e ffect of omega-3 fatty acids on canine atopic dermatitis. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45(6):293-297. 20. l arsen J. e vidence-based benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for dogs and cats. Proc ACVIM Forum, 2011, pp 555-557. IN SUMMARY a lthough numerous studies have investigated the potential benefits of fatty acid supplementation, the appropriate type of fatty acid and dose of the supplement are dependent on the patient, history, clinical signs, and concurrent diseases. For multiple reasons, what is appropriate for one patient may not be appropriate for another. Before supplementing a patient with either omega-6 or omega-3 fatty acids, it is important to note that supplements, including fatty acid supplements, can September/October 2016 | tvpjournal.com 88 C A t HE ri NE E. lEN ox Catherine E. Lenox, DVM, Diplomate ACVN, is a scientific affairs manager at Royal Canin USA. Prior to her current position, she spent 3 years in specialty practice. She has been published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine and the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . Dr. Lenox received her DVM from University of Missouri and completed a residency in veterinary clinical nutrition at Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine.