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additional education or experience in the areas of forensic pathology, toxicology, criminal investigation, criminal procedure, and rules of evidence. Consultation with forensic pathologists, toxicologists, and other forensic professionals is encouraged. Key skills to becoming an effective and successful forensic veterinarian include: • Attention to detail • Meticulous photography • Impeccable record keeping • Ability to think critically, avoiding distraction by issues that may preclude understanding of the scientific truth.n References 1. dolinak d, Matshes e. The forensic autopsy. Forensic Pathology, Principles, and Practice. Philadelphia: elsevier, 2005, pp 65-70. 2. Cox w. Cause, Mechanism, and Manner of Death. Published in 2009 and available at http://forensicmd.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/cause-andmannerdoc.pdf. 3. Cooper J, Cooper M. Introduction to Veterinary and Comparative Forensic Medicine. ames, ia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. 4. Merck Md. Veterinary Forensics: Animal Cruelty Investigations. ames, ia: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. 5. davis Jh. Medicolegal death investigation. Forensic Pathology, Principles, and Practice. Philadelphia: elsevier Press, 2005, pp 1-7. 6. dolinak d, Matshes e. death certification. Forensic Pathology, Principles, and Practice. Philadelphia: elsevier, 2005, pp 663-668. 7. swanson Cr, Chamelin nC, Territo L, Taylor rw. Injury and death investigations. Criminal Investigation, 10th ed. new York: McGraw hill Publishers, 2008, pp 274-314. 8. Miller MT. Crime scene investigation. in James s, nordby J (eds): Forensic Science, 2nd ed. Boca raton, FL: CrC Press, 2005, pp 167-187. 9. new Jersey state Police. special and technical services section. Evidence Field Manual, 2002, pp 7-8. 10. Federal Bureau of investigation. FBI Handbook of Crime Scene Forensics. new York: skyhorse Publishing, 2008. 11. dolinak d, Lew e, Matshes e. Forensic photography. Forensic Pathology, Principles, and Practice. Philadelphia: elsevier, 2005, pp 631-636. 12. wobeser G. Forensic (medico-legal) necropsy of wildlife. J Wildl Dis 1996; 32(2):240-249. 13. Prahlow J. Forensic Pathology for Police, Death Investigators, Attorneys, and Forensic Scientists. new York: humana Press, 2006. 14. Munro r, Munro hM. animal abuse and unlawful killing. Forensic Veterinary Pathology. Philadelphia: saunders, 2008. 15. shkrum MJ, ramsay da. Forensic Pathology of Trauma: Common Problems for the Pathologist. Totowa, nJ: humana Press, 2007. 16. Krompecher T. experimental evaluation of rigor mortis versus effect of various temperatures on evolution of rigor mortis. Forensic Sci Int 1981; 17(1):19-26. 17. asPCa. Dog Fighting FAQ. Published in 2012 and available at aspcapro. org/mydocuments/aspca_cruelty_dogfighting_vet_faq.pdf. 18. Lew e, Matshes e. Postmortem changes. Forensic Pathology, Principles, and Practice. Philadelphia: elsevier, 2005, pp 527-554. 19. sinclair L, Merck M, Lockwood r. Forensic Investigation of Animal Cruelty. Gaithersburg, Md: humane society Press, 2006. 20. Gordon i, shapiro ha, Berson sd. Forensic Medicine: A Guide to Principles, 3rd ed. edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1988. 21. Patel Bd, Parekh s. absence of rigor mortis. Lancet 1997; 349(9054):810. 22. Gagliano-Candela r, aventaggiato L. The detection of toxic substances in entomological specimens. Intl J Legal Med 2001; 114:197-203 23. Goff ML, Lord wd. entomotoxicology: a new area for forensic investigation. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1994; 15:51-55. 24. Munro hMC, Thrusfield M. Battered pets: sexual abuse. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 43:333-337. 25. hvozdik a, Bugarsky a, Kotterova J, et al. ethological, psychological and legal aspects of animal sexual abuse. Vet J 2006; 172(2):374-376. 26. imbschweiler i, Kummerfeld M, Gerhard M, et al. animal sexual abuse in a female sheep. Vet J 2009; 182(3):491-493. 27. Bowen r. Gastrointestinal Transit: How Long Does It Take? Published in 2006 and available at vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/ basics/transit.html. 28. Meyerholtz Ka, wilson Cr, everson rJ, hooser sB. Quantitative assessment of the percent fat in domestic animal bone marrow. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56(3):775-777. 29. deMaio vMJ. Gunshot Wounds, 2nd ed. Boca raton, FL: CrC Press, 1999. 30. Merola v. anticoagulant rodenticides: deadly for pests, dangerous for 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. pets. Common Poisonings in Dogs and Cats, volume 1. north Olmsted, Oh: advanstar Publications, 2006, pp 1-6. dunayer e. Bromethalin: The other rodenticide. Common Poisonings in Dogs and Cats, volume ii. north Olmsted, Oh: advanstar Publications, 2006, pp 51-56. rao d. General toxicology. Forensic Pathology. Published in 2012 and available at http://forensicpathologyonline.com/index.php?option=com_ content&view;=article&id;=91. saukko P, Knight B. Poisoning and the pathologist. Knight's Forensic Pathology, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp 541-551. dolinack d, dowling G, Matshes e, Lew e. The negative necropsy. Forensic Pathology, Principles, and Practice. Philadelphia: elsevier, 2005, pp 658-659. Cohle sd, sampson Ba. The negative autopsy: sudden cardiac death or other. Cardio Pathol 2001; 10(6):271-274. Biswas h, das TC, swapon Mr. study on negative autopsy rate at Forensic Medicine department of dhaka Medical College. Dinajpur Med Col J 2008; 1(1):21-23. Carturan e, Tester dJ, Brost BC, et al. Post-mortem genetic testing for conventional autopsy negative sudden unexplained death: an evaluation of dna extraction protocols and the feasibility of mutational analysis from archival paraffin embedded heart tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 2008; 129(3):391-397. Papenfuss M. dog dies, people sickened in edwards after chemical exposure. vail, CO: vaildaily.com, 2012. Ernest Rogers, DVM, PhD, is the Consultant Forensic Veterinarian to the New Jersey SPCA Humane Police, who enforce Title 4 animal cruelty statutes. He has worked with various police agencies, completing tasks, such as projectile recovery, expert witness reports, forensic necropsies, crime scene evaluation, and courtroom expert testimony. In addition, he is the president of the company, Animal Forensic Investigations, and owns and remains active in his general practice, Maplewood Animal Hospital, in Maplewood, New Jersey. He received his DVM from Tuskegee University and his PhD from Virginia Tech; he has completed advanced courses in criminal investigation and criminal justice. Adam Stern, DVM, CMI (IV), CFC, Diplomate ACVP, is clinical assistant professor at the University of Illinois– Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine. His teaching experience includes forensic veterinary pathology and dermatopathology. Dr. Stern has written multiple articles about veterinary forensics and lectured at various local and national meetings about thermal injuries of animals, animal starvation, and nonaccidental injuries. He received his DVM from Atlantic Veterinary College at University of Prince Edward Island; then completed a residency in anatomic pathology. July/August 2013 Today's Veterinary Practice 47 The Veterinarian as Medical Examiner VETERINARY FORENSICS |