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ADVANCES IN STEM CELL THERAPY | UÊ ÀiÊV>«>LliÊovÊÀi«>iÀÊoÀÊÀi}iniÀ>ÌionÊinÊ>ÊÌiÃÃÕiÊoÀÊ organ system. These multipotent cells are locally activated to pro- liferate and differentiate into some, or all, of the major specialized cell types of tissue when required for main- tenance or repair. They facilitate tissue maintenance, regeneration, growth, and wound healing through- out life with the capability of differentiation to a wide variety of types of adult cells, such as muscle, bone, cartilage, tendon-ligament, and adipose tissues.14 Adult stem cells are found in all tissues in the in varying quantities, with major reservoirs in adipose tissue£ÈÊ >n`]Ê ÌoÊ >Ê liÃÃiÀÊ iÝÌinÌ]Ê LoniÊ marrow.£ÇÊ oÌhÊLoniÊm>ÀÀoÜÊ>n`Ê>`i«oÃiÊÌiÃÃÕiÊ>ÀiÊ body15 derived from embryonic mesodermal tissues and VonÌ>inÊ >ÊmiVÀoÛ>ÃVÕl>ÀÊ niÌÜoÀk]Ê inVlÕ`in}Ê iÝÌÀ>- VillÕl>ÀÊm>ÌÀiÝÊ >n`Ê iÝÌinÃiÛiÊ«iÀiÛ>ÃVÕl>ÀÊ ÃÌÀom>]Ê which is credited for clinical promise in regenerative medicine applications.18 Adipose-Derived Adult Stem Cells Adipose stroma contains large numbers of undiffer- entiated stem/stromal cells capable of producing all tissue types derived from the mesodermal layer.£9]Óä These AD-SCs have the potential to differentiate to tenoligamentous, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.21,22 AD-SCs also have the potential to differentiate into tissue derived from ectodermal and endodermal origins, such as organ tissue, nerves, and skin, suggesting that they have pluripotent and multi- potent capabilities (see Figure 1).23-32 Recent studies have determined the safety and effi- cacy of implanted/administered AD-SCs in various animal models as well as human clinical trials. AD-SCs also meet certain criteria described for the ideal stem cell for regenerative medicinal applications:33,34 UÊ oÕn`ÊinÊ>LÕn`>nÌʵÕ>nÌiÌiiÃÊ UÊ >ÀÛiÃÌi`ÊÜiÌhÊ>Êminim>llÞÊinÛ>ÃiÛiÊ«ÀoVi`ÕÀi UÊ >nÊ LiÊ `ivviÀinÌi>Ìi`Ê >lon}Ê mÕlÌi«liÊ VillÊ lini>}iÊ pathways in a regulatable and reproducible manner >nÊLiÊÃ>vilÞÊ>n`ÊivviVÌiÛilÞÊÌÀ>nël>nÌi`°Ê UÊ As a result, adipose tissue has become an important resource for research and patient care applications in human and veterinary medicine. HIGH-DENSITY PLATELET-RICH PLASMA CONCENTRATES nh>nVi`Êhi>lin}ÊV>«>LiliÌÞÊiÃÊ«oÃÃiLliÊÜhinÊ«l>ÌiliÌÊ concentrations are increased within injured or dam- aged tissue.35 cessfully as a treatment modality in both veterinary (equine) and human medicine. i}h-`inÃiÌÞÊ«l>ÌiliÌ-ÀiVhÊ«l>Ãm>Ê Ê*l>ÌiliÌ-ÀiVhÊ«l>Ãm>Êh>ÃÊLiinÊÕÃi`ÊÃÕV- *,*®ÊiÃÊ`ivini`Ê as plasma with platelet concentrations > 4 times the levels found in circulating blood. It is isolated and concentrated from a peripheral venous blood sample by bidirectional centrifugation.ÎÈ Various portable commercial centrifugation units iÝiÃÌÊvoÀÊin-ovviViÊÕÃiÆÊhoÜiÛiÀ]ÊÌhiÀiÊ>ÀiÊonlÞÊ>ÊviÜÊÌh>ÌÊ NAMING ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM/ STROMAL CELLS 5IFSF IBT CFFO TPNF WBSJBUJPO BOE RVFTUJPO SFHBSEJOH UIF DPSSFDU UFSNJOPMPHZ GPS TUFN TUSPNBM BEJQPTF DFMMT "U GJSTU NFTFODIZNBM TUFN DFMMT EJTDPWFSFE UP IBWF BO BDUJWF SPMF JO DPOOFDUJWF UJTTVF SFQBJS JO UIF FBSMZ T1 XFSF UIPVHIU UP CF UIF NPTU Figure 2. Adipose tissue with (A) adipose cells, (B) extracellu- lar matrix (most stem cells there), (C) pericytes (surround ves- sels; important in angiogenesis), (D) mesenchymal stem cells (small cells), and (E) pre-adipocytes (progenitor cells) JNQPSUBOU DPOUSJCVUPS UP UJTTVF SFHFOFSBUJPO IPXFWFS JU CFDBNF FWJEFOU UIBU XJUIJO UIF BEJQPTF UJTTVF DPNQMFY JT B LFZ FYUSBDFMMVMBS NBUSJY XIJDI JODMVEFE NBUVSF BEJQPDZUFT BOE BEJQPDZUJD QSFDVS TPST LOPXO BT QSPHFOJUPS DFMMT *O BEEJUJPO UIFSF XBT B WBSJFUZ PG BEEJUJPOBM OVDMFBUFE VOEJGGFSFOUJ BUFE NVMUJQPUFOU BOE QMVSJQPUFOU DFMMT JODMVE JOH QFSJDZUFT BOE FOEPUIFMJBM DFMMT XIJDI BSF BMM UIPVHIU UP QMBZ JNQPSUBOU SPMFT JO NFTFODIZNBM TUSPNBM EFSJWFE UJTTVF SFHFOFSBUJPO Figure 2 5IFSFGPSF UIF UFSN BEJQPTF EFSJWFE TUFN TUSPNBM DFMMT "% 4$T SBUIFS UIBO TJNQMZ iNFTFODIZNBM TUFN DFMM u JT VTFE UP EFTDSJCF UIJT QPQVMBUJPO PG DFMMT Reference 1. Caplan A, Fink D, Goto T, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells and tissue repair. In Jackson DW (ed): The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Current and Future Concepts. New York: Raven Press, 1993, p 405-417. July/August 2011 Today’s Veterinary Practice 25