Today's Veterinary Practice

JAN-FEB 2016

Today's Veterinary Practice provides comprehensive information to keep every small animal practitioner up to date on companion animal medicine and surgery as well as practice building and management.

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peer reviewed tvpjournal.com | January/February 2016 ObservatiOns in OphthalmOlOgy p ObservatiOns in OphthalmOlOgy performing deep ear fushes, and using choke chains to minimize risk of trauma to the surrounding structures. Vascular Disruption of Blood Flow Disruption of blood fow to any part of the autonomic or visual system may result in compromised function. the cause is unknown in almost 50% of dogs with cerebrovascular disease, therefore, treatment is supportive. 12 treatment should be directed at the underlying cause in dogs for which a diagnosis is obtained. Fibrocartilagenous Embolism Fibrocartilagenous embolism (FCe) is a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in dogs. miosis may occur following a FCe in the cervicothoracic spine due to interruption of the cervical sympathetic fbers. IN SUMMARY anisocoria may occur secondary to disease of the eye, optic nerve, and central and autonomic nervous system. lesion localization is critical to developing an appropriate differential diagnosis list. this can often be effectively conducted using knowledge of the neuroanatomical pathways, along with standard cranial nerve testing. pharmacologic testing may help further isolate sites of dysfunction within the autonomic system. Further diagnostic testing should aim for an etiologic diagnosis and can be chosen based upon neuroanatomical localization. treatment should always be directed at the underlying cause of anisocoria. Cn = cranial nerve; Cns = central nervous system; FCe = fbrocartilagenous embolism; lgn = lateral geniculate nuclei; plr = pupillary light refex; psn Cn iii = parasympathetic nuclei of cranial nerve iii Figures 1–4 Illustrations courtesy pamela boutilier, Dvm, mvs c, Diplomate aCvim (s mall animal internal medicine), saa. References 1. delahunta a, glass e. lower motor neuron: general visceral efferent system. in delahunta a, glass e (eds): Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology, 3rd ed. st louis: saunders, 2009, pp 182-184. 2. rylander h. the neurologic examination in companion animals. Today Vet Pract 2013; 3(1):18-22. 3. Kern tJ, aromando ms, erb hn. horner's syndrome in dogs and cats: 100 cases (1975-1985). JAVMA 1989; 195(3):369-373. 4. boydell p. idiopathic horner's syndrome in the golden retriever. J Small Anim Pract 1995; 36(9):382-384. 5. simpson Km, Williams Dl, Cherubini gb. neuropharmacological lesion localization in idiopathic horner's syndrome in golden retriev- tvpjournal.com | January/February 2016 ers and dogs of other breeds. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 18(1):1-5. 6. morgan rv, Zanotti sW. horner's syndrome in dogs and cats: 49 cases. (1980-1986). JAVMA 1984; 194(8):1096-1099. 7. berghaus rD, O'brien Dp, Johnson gC, thorne Jg. risk factors for development of dysautonomia in dogs. JAVMA 2001; 218(8):1285-1290. 8. van den broek ahm. horner's syndrome in cats and dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract 1987; 28(10):929-940. 9. yoshitomi t, ito y. effects of indomethacin and prostaglandins on the dog iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 1988; 29:127-132. 10. talarico lr, schatzberg sJ. idiopathic granulomatous and necrotizing infammatory disorders of the canine central nervous system: a review and future perspectives. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51(3):138-149. 11. granger n, smith pm, Jeffery nD. Clinical fndings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008. Vet J 2010; 184:290-297. 12. garosi l, mcConnell JF, platt sr, et al. results of diagnostic investigations and long-term outcome of 33 dog brain infarction (2000- 2004). J Vet Intern Med 2005; 19:725-731.

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