Today's Veterinary Practice

JUL-AUG 2012

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| CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS: A PERSPECTIVE ON RECENT TRENDS UÊ imonÃÌÀ>ÌiÊvlÕi`ÊoÛiÀlo>` UÊ >ilÊ ÌoÊ VonÛiÀÌÊ ÌoÊ *1Ê ÜiÌhÊ ÌhiÊ >`miniÃÌÀ>ÌionÊ ovÊ furosemide. PREVENTION The veterinarian has to evaluate a number of factors when deciding whether to offer leptospirosis vaccina- tion to their clients: UÊ ÃÊiÌÊniViÃÃ>ÀÞ¶Ê UÊ7illÊiÌÊLiÊivviVÌiÛi¶Ê UÊ ÃÊiÌÊÃ>vi¶Ê Necessity is driven by the incidence of disease in a par- ticular geographic area, but that information is often not Ài>`ilÞÊ>Û>il>Lli°Ê6iÌiÀin>Ài>nÃÊnii`ÊÌoÊLiÊ>Ü>ÀiÊovÊÌhiÊ ubiquitous nature of leptospirosis, usually endemic in rodent and raccoon populations, and consider the risk factors in their locale. All evidence supports that vaccination is effective in preventing clinical disease and renal shedding in dogs. Safety can be a concern, especially in small dogs if multi- ple vaccines are co-administered, although adverse reac- tions are uncommon. I recommend administering the leptospirosis vaccine as a stand-alone vaccine, at a time independent of other vaccines. CONCLUSION Leptospirosis is a significant zoonotic disease in most geographic areas. UÊ6iÌiÀin>Ài>nÃÊ ÃhoÕl`Êm>kiÊ ÌhiÃÊ >Ê Ìo«Ê `ivviÀinÌi>lÊ diagnosis in cases of acute kidney injury when the cause is not immediately evident or known. UÊ vvoÀÌÃÊÌoÊ`i>}noÃiÊli«ÌoëiÀoÃiÃÊ>n`ÊÃh>Àin}ÊÀiÃÕlÌÃÊ of a positive diagnosis with other veterinarians in the area should (1) increase awareness of the dis- ease and (2) help determine risk level of leptospiro- sis in specific geographic regions. ■ LEARNING ABOUT LEPTOSPIROSIS r ACVIM Consensus Statement: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1939- 1676.2010.0654.x/full r AVMA Media Library: avmamedia.org/display.asp?sid+397&NAME; =Leptospirorsis r AVMA Client Brochure: avma.org/2011/10/21/new-leptospirosis-brochure/ r Centers for Disease Control & Prevention: cdc.gov/leptospirosis or cdc.gov/leptospirosis/pets r Leptospirosis Information Center: leptospirosis.org r The Merck Veterinary Manual: merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile =htm/ bc/51203.htm r World Health Organization: who.int/leptospirosis/en 32 Today's Veterinary Practice July/August 2012 MAT = microscopic agglutination test; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; PD = polydipsia; PU = polyuria; VDL = veterinary diagnostic laboratory FIGURE NOTES UÊFigures 2, 3, 5, and 6 are from a 2-year-old, spayed female golden retriever with oliguric renal failure from leptospirosis (urine PCR, positive; serum titer to Grippotyphosa, 1:12,800). This dog also had thrombocytosis (794,000 platelets/mcL; reference range, 200,000–500,000/mcL) on initial laboratory analysis 3 days before euthanasia. UÊFigures 4 and 7 are from a 3-month-old, intact female bichon frise with acute renal failure and cholestasis from leptospirosis (urine PCR, positive; acute serum titers, negative). Platelet count in this dog was within the reference range on presentation. FIGURE CREDITS UÊFigure 1 reprinted with permission from Kenneth Latimer, PhD, Diplomate ACVP; from University of Georgia's Noah's Arkive collection of figures (vet.uga. edu/vpp/noahsarkive/na_order.php) UÊFigures 2 through 7 courtesy of Gordon Andrews, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University References 1. Langston CE, Heuter KJ. Leptospirosis: A re-emerging zoonotic disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33:791-807. 2. Evangelista KV, Coburn J. Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: A review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses. Future Microbiol 2010; 5(9):1413-1425. 3. Ward MP, Glickman LT, Guptill LF. Prevalence of and risk factors for leptospirosis among dogs in the United States and Canada: 677 cases (1970-1998). JAVMA 2002; 220:53-58. 4. Murphy LC, Cardeilhac PT, Alexander Ad, et al. Prevalence of agglutinins in canine serums to serotypes other than Leptospira Canicola and Leptospira Icterohemorrhagiae—report of isolation of Leptospira Pomona from a dog. Am J Vet Res 1958; January:145-151. 5. Bishop L, Strandberg JD, Adams RJ. Chronic active hepatitis in dogs associated with leptospires. Am J Vet Res 1979; 40(6):839-844. 6. Birnbaum N, Barr SC, Center SA. Naturally acquired leptospirosis in 36 dogs: Serological and clinicopathological features. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39:231-236. 7. Stokes JE, Kaneene JB, Schall WD. Prevalence of serum antibodies against six Leptospira serovars in healthy dogs. JAVMA 2007; 230:1657- 1664. 8. Moore GE, Guptill LF, Glickman NW, et al. Canine leptospirosis, United States, 2002-2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(3):501-503. 9. Gautam R, Wu CC, Guptill LF, et al. Detection of antibodies against Leptospira serovars via microscopic agglutination tests in dogs in the United States, 2000–2007. JAVMA 2010; 237:293-298. 10. Ward MP, Guptill LF, Wu CC. Evaluation of environmental risk factors for leptospirosis in dogs: 36 cases (1997-2002). JAVMA 2004; 225:72-77. 11. Alton GD, Berke O, Reid-Smith R, et al. Increase in seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis and its risk factors, Ontario 1998–2006. Can J Vet Res 2009; 73:167-175. 12. Raghavan R, Brenner K, Higgins J, et al. Evaluations of land cover risk factors for canine leptospirosis: 94 cases (2002–2009). Prev Vet Med 2011; 101:241-249. 13. Ghneim GS, Viers JH, Chomel BB, et al. Use of a case-control study and geographic information systems to determine environmental and demographic risk factors for canine leptospirosis. Vet Res 2007; 38:37- 50. 14. Cox TE, Smythe LD, Leung LKP. Flying foxes as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species. J Wild Dis 2005; 41(4):753-757. 15. Van de Maele I, Claus A, Haesebrouck F, et al. Leptospirosis in dogs: A review with emphasis on clinical aspects. Vet Rec 2008; 163:409-413.

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