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58 SEPARATION-RELATED DISORDERS PEER REVIEWED are insufficient. Some patients may need polypharmacy. 14 Tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can be helpful in easing anxiety over time. Substantial evidence supports use of clomipramine 21–23 (Clomicalm, Novartis.com ) and fluoxetine 24,25 for separation anxiety in dogs. Clomicalm is the only drug on the market with a Food and Drug Administration label for separation anxiety in dogs older than 6 months. 26 Other daily options to consider include sertraline or paroxetine. 13,14 Supplements (Zylkene [ vetoquinolusa.com ], Solliquin [ nutramaxlabs.com ]), prescription diets (Royal Canin CALM [ royalcanin.com ]), and pheromone therapy can be considered. 8,14,16,23 References 1. Appleby D, Pluijmakers J. Separation anxiety in dogs: the function of homeostasis in its development and treatment. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003;33:321-344. 2. Schwartz S. Separation anxiety syndrome in cats: 136 cases (1991- 2000). JAVMA 2002;220(7):1028-1033. 3. Schwartz S. Reference point: separation anxiety syndrome in dogs and cats. JAVMA 2003;222(11):1526-1532. 4. Bradshaw JW, McPherson JA, Casey RA, Larter S. Aetiology of separation-related behaviour in domestic dogs. Vet Rec 2002;151(2):43-46. 5. Voith VL, Borchelt PL. Separation anxiety in dogs. In: Voith VL, Borchelt PL, eds. Readings in Companion Animal Behavior. Yardley, PA: Veterinary Learning Systems; 1996:124-139. 6. Denenberg S, Landsberg GM, Horwitz D. A comparison of cases referred to behaviorists in three different countries. In: Mills D, Levine E, Landsberg GM, et al (eds). Current Issues and Research in Veterinary Behavioral Medicine. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press; 2005:56-62. 7. Landsberg G. The most common behavior problems in older dogs. Vet Med 1995;90(suppl):16-24. 8. Horwitz DF, Neilson JC. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion Canine & Feline Behavior. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing; 2007. 9. Flannigan G, Dodman NH. Risk factors and behaviors associated with separation anxiety in dogs. JAVMA 2001;219(4):460-466. 10. Clark GI, Boyer WN. The effects of dog obedience training and behavioural counselling upon the human-canine relationship. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1993;37(2):147-159. 11. Blackwell E, Twells C, Seawright A, Casey R. The relationship between training methods and the occurrence of behavior problems, as reported by owners in a population of domestic dogs. J Vet Behav 2008;3:207-217. 12. Simpson BS. Separation anxiety in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2008;30(1):27-42. 13. Landsberg GM, Hunthausen W, Ackerman L (eds.). Fears, phobias, and anxiety disorders. In: Behavior Problems of the Dog & Cat. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2013:181-208. 14. Overall KL. Abnormal canine behaviors and behavioral pathologies not primarily involving pathological aggression. In: Manual of Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Dogs and Cats. St. Louis: Mosby; 2013:231-309. 15. Palestrini C, Minero M, Cannas S, Rossi E, Frank D. Video analysis of dogs with separation-related behaviors. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2010;124(1):61-67. 16. Seksel K. Separation anxiety in dogs and cats with reference to homeostasis. In: Proceedings. Veterinary Behavior Chapter. Science Week 2013. 2013:22-26. 17. Simpson BS. Canine separation anxiety. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2000;22:328-338. 18. Frank D. Recognizing behavioral signs of pain and disease: a guide for practitioners. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44(3):507-524. 19. Ogata N. Review: Separation anxiety in dogs: what progress has been made in our understanding of the most common behavioral problems in dogs? J Vet Behav 2016;16:28-35. 20. Melese P. Detecting and neutralizing odor sources in dog and cat elimination problems. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1994;39:188-189. 21. King JN, Simpson BS, Overall KL, et al. Treatment of separation anxiety in dogs with clomipramine: results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter clinical trial. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2000;67:255-275. 22. King JN, Overall KL, Appleby D, et al. Results of a follow-up investigation to a clinical trial testing the efficacy of clomipramine in the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2004;89:233-242. 23. Gaultier E, Bonnafous L, Bougrat L, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of a synthetic dog-appeasing pheromone with clomipramine for the treatment of separation-related disorders in dogs. Vet Rec 2005;156(17):533-538. 24. Landsberg GM, Melese P, Sherman BL, et al. Effectiveness of fluoxetine chewable tablets in the treatment of canine separation anxiety. J Vet Behav 2008;3:11-18. 25. Simpson BS, Landsberg GM, Reisner IR, et al. Effects of Reconcile (fluoxetine) chewable tablets plus behavior management for canine separation anxiety. Vet Ther 2007;8(1):18-31. 26. US Food and Drug Administration. Clomicalm FOIA Drug Summary. Available at: fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOIADrugSummaries/ucm117165. pdf. Accessed March, 2017. Lisa Radosta Lisa Radosta, DVM, DACVB, is the owner of Florida Veterinary Behavior Service in West Palm Beach, Florida. She completed a residency in behavioral medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, where she received two national research awards. She has authored textbook chapters, produced continuing education podcasts for VetGirl, published research papers on thyroid disease and clinician–client communication, and lectured across the country and internationally. She is the behavior section editor for Small Animal Advances in Medicine and Surgery and has sat on the American Animal Hospital Association Behavior Management Guidelines Task Force and the Fear Free Executive Council. Ariel Fagen Ariel Fagen, DVM, is an American College of Veterinary Behavior resident in private practice. She works at Florida Veterinary Behavior Service with Dr. Lisa Radosta and at Veterinary Behavior Consultations of Colorado with Dr. E'Lise Christensen. She graduated from the Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine and completed a small animal rotating internship at Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital in Colorado.