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91 MAY/JUNE 2017 ■ TVPJOURNAL.COM PRACTICAL PARASITOLOGY untreated intoxication may be fatal. 4 Many cases of pyrethroid intoxication come from mistaken or intentional application of dog-only flea control formulations. However, a few cases of toxicity have been reported in cats that came into contact with treated dogs soon after application. 5 For this reason, client education is critical when dispensing pyrethroid-containing products to households that include cats. Alternatively, these products may be avoided completely for dogs that live with cats or as environmental treatments in homes with cats. 4 Resistance to pyrethrins and pyrethroids has been reported in both colonized flea strains and wild- caught fleas. 6,7 Resistance may be associated with mutations in a gene coding for neural sodium channels. 8 These mutations, which are commonly referred to as kdr (knockdown resistance) or super kdr mutations, are widely distributed throughout flea colonies and in field-collected fleas. 9 As a result, the effectiveness of this class of compounds may be reduced in some areas, especially when they are not combined with other therapeutic agents. TABLE 1 Overview of Current Products ACTIVE INGREDIENT CLASS TRADE NAMES SPECIES TOPICAL Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Advantage II Advantage Multi K9 Advantix Dogs Cats (except K9 Advantix, which includes permethrin) Fipronil Phenylpyrazole Frontline, many others Dogs, cats Selamectin Avermectin Revolution Dogs, cats Indoxacarb Oxadiazine Activyl Activyl Tick Plus Dogs Cats (except Activyl Tick Plus, which includes permethrin) Pyrethrin Pyrethrin Many Dogs, cats Permethrin Pyrethroid Many Dogs only Flumethrin Pyrethroid Seresto Dogs, cats Dinotefuran Neonicotinoid Vectra Vectra 3D Dogs Cats (except Vectra 3D, which includes permethrin) Spinetoram Neonicotinoid Cheristin Cats only Fluralaner Isoxazoline Bravecto topical Dogs, cats ORAL Spinosad Neonicotinoid Comfortis Trifexis Dogs, cats Nitenpyram Neonicotinoid Capstar Dogs, cats Afoxolaner Isoxazoline NexGard Dogs Not labeled for cats, but OK in households with treated dogs Fluralaner Isoxazoline Bravecto Dogs Not labeled for cats, but OK in households with treated dogs Sarolaner Isoxazoline Simparica Dogs Not labeled for cats, but OK in households with treated dogs INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS Lufenuron Chitin synthesis inhibitor Sentinel Dogs, cats Methoprene Juvenile hormone analog Many Dogs, cats Pyriproxyfen Juvenile hormone analog Many Dogs, cats